The existence of the Mississippi, Black and La Crosse Rivers will forever affect the history and future of La Crosse in many ways, such as economic development, transportation issues, flooding concerns and damage, environmental changes, and quality of life.

Mississippi River Ferry Service

Until 1891 when a municipal bridge was built, vehicular and foot traffic to and from La Crescent, MN, and La Crosse, WI, had to rely on commercial ferry or skiff service, or use their own transportation to cross the Mississippi River. This was particularly problematic for farmers with large loads of produce or teams of oxen, cattle, or horses getting from Minnesota to the market in La Crosse. During the winter, an ice bridge across the frozen river was maintained, and interstate trade increased at these times.

In 1854, two public ferries began operation: the Wild Kate, run by horsepower, operated by William McSpadden, and the Honeoye, which came into the control of Thomas McRoberts. McRoberts was a western representative of the Kentucky Company, an organization which owned and promoted La Crescent, MN, as a rival to La Crosse, WI. In 1857 McRoberts was awarded an exclusive charter from the Minnesota legislature giving him the right of ferry operation in Minnesota anywhere along the Mississippi River from the southern edge of Winona County to the mouth of the Root River. Simultaneously, the Wisconsin legislature granted McRoberts a limited charter allowing him to operate from La Crosse to the Minnesota shore.(1)

McRoberts, who was operating a boat bearing his own name by 1858, was able to thwart his competition because of his monopoly on the Minnesota side of the river. He charged exorbitant fees, maintained irregular schedules, and citizens generally complained about poor service in the La Crosse newspapers. Competition from a rival boat, named the General Pope, was squelched by the Minnesota Supreme Court in 1865, but in order to compete, McRoberts’ rates had dropped to 20 cents for a six-ox team and carrying passengers for free, in comparison to the $1.10 and $1.50 per team he had been charging in 1857.

Finally, in 1866 the Wisconsin legislature repealed McRoberts’ charter and gave the Common Council authority to issue ferry permits, which the Council did on a yearly basis. In 1869 when McRoberts obtained an injunction forbidding the operation of the Southern Minnesota Railroad transfer boat the Alex McGregor, the Common Council simply suspended McRoberts’ permit. McRoberts was thus forced to compromise.

The federal War Department, and later the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers controlled bridge building across the Mississippi. No bridge could be built across the wide expanse that would make the river unnavigable. A railroad bridge was completed in 1876, crossing over the river at North La Crosse. It wasn’t until 1891 the wagon bridge, financed by La Crosse voters and a city bond issue, was completed, thereby ending the era of ferry boats.

Black River Logging

The Black River played an important role in the history of La Crosse because of its proximity to the pineries of Northern Wisconsin. Logs were floated down the Black River and corralled at sawmills in Onalaska, North La Crosse, and La Crosse. From there, milled lumber was shipped via packet or steamboat north to St. Paul or south to St. Louis.(2) In the early pioneering days, small steamers could navigate the river; however, over time erosion from the logging caused a great deal of silt to build up and the river became unnavigable. Agricultural run-off, erosion, and lack of proper sewage treatment for La Crosse, Onalaska, and Black River Falls led to pollution problems throughout the southern part of the Black River. Dredging efforts began in the late 1930s, as well as the construction of a dam in Black River Falls partial funding coming from the “New Deal” programs.(3)

La Crosse River and River Valley [Marsh]

This river was called Chapa-ca-putay or Beaver Alder by the Dakota tribe, although the Winnebago inhabited this area.(4) The La Crosse River channel was redirected more than once to accommodate railroad lines. The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad built a bridge in the marsh area just southwest of the Indian Hill area and just east of the present day Causeway. This caused flooding and property damage to North side. In 1891 the City Council directed the Board of Public Works to “change the channel of the La Crosse River west of the C.M. & St. P. Ry. Co.’s tracks...to follow the original channel of said River as near as practicable....”(5) Residents still complained about the situation.(6)

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(1) Sanford, Albert and H.J. Hirshheimer, A History of La Crosse, Wisconsin, 1841-1900 (La Crosse, WI : La Crosse County Historical Society), 1951: 151-152. (2) “Early History of Black River Outlined in Brief by City Attorney Fred Steele,” La Crosse Tribune 17 May 1936. (3) For information on a dredging project, see the La Crosse Tribune articles from 1938-1941 on a federal proposal to dredge the lower Black River to a nine-foot channel depth for navigation from Copeland Park to the mouth of the Black River (1.4 miles) and fill in the west Causeway [Blvd.] marsh area owned by the City in exchange for a municipal terminal facilities. (4) “La Crosse River Once Known by Indians as Chapa-ca-putay” La Crosse Tribune 1931 (?). (5) For a more complete history of the marsh and the La Crosse River, see Anthony Godfrey’s A Historical Analysis of the lower La Crosse River 1841-Present (La Crosse, WI : U.S. West Research), 1990. (6) Anderson, Wendell A., Papers, 1860-1917, Mss E, see subjects “Floods,” and “Railroads.” Property of La Crosse County Historical Society in the La Crosse Public Library Archives.